Rewards
Each era pays new issuance plus the fees collected during it. Validators share it by era points; each takes its commission and shares the rest with its nominators by stake. The chain pays every staker on its own — there is nothing to claim.
What an era pays
| Source | Goes to |
|---|---|
| New issuance for the era (schedule below) | The era's reward |
| Transaction fees (Substrate fees and the EVM base fee) | The era's reward |
| Tips (Substrate tips and the EVM priority fee) | The author of the block |
| Shielded-pool spend fees | The author of the block, claimed from the pool — see Spend fees |
| Slashed stake | The governance account (py/trsry) |
Issuance schedule
| Year | ORB issued |
|---|---|
| 1 | 60,000,000 |
| 2 | 50,000,000 |
| 3 | 45,000,000 |
| 4 | 40,000,000 |
| 5 | 35,000,000 |
| 6 | 30,000,000 |
| 7 | 25,000,000 |
| 8 | 20,000,000 |
| 9 | 20,000,000 |
| 10 onward | 25,000,000 |
A year is 365 eras. Each era receives its share prorated by how long it actually lasted, capped at two days' worth, so a one-day era in year 1 issues about 164,384 ORB.
The first era after staking starts (era 0) has no exposures and pays nothing; the fees collected in it are carried into the first paid era.
How it is split
- Between validators, by era points. Each authored block earns 20 points; a validator's share of the era's reward is its points over everyone's.
- Commission. The validator takes its commission off the top of its share.
- Between the validator and its nominators, by stake. The rest is split pro rata over the validator's own bond and the nominations backing it.
A commission change applies from the next era. A validator elected with no nominators keeps its whole share.
Automatic payment
The chain pays every closed era on its own, within half an era (about 12 hours; on a quiet chain, about an hour). Each staker receives its reward at its reward destination:
| Destination | Where the reward goes |
|---|---|
Compound (Staked) | Added to the bond, so it earns too |
This account (Stash) | The staking account's free balance |
Another account (Account) | The free balance of an account you choose |
No rewards (None) | Not paid |
The app's Rewards card shows the era being paid and anything still pending. A
pending era can also be paid by anyone with Claim (staking.payoutStakers).
Staking keeps 84 eras of reward history. An era still unpaid by then is lost. Automatic payment makes this unlikely; the chain warns, and resumes a paused payout on its own, 14 eras before an unpaid era would expire.
Pools are different
Automatic payment pays a pool's reward into the pool. Each member then claims its share — or lets anyone claim or restake it for them. See Join a pool.
Related
- How staking works — eras and era points
- Slashing — when stake is lost instead
- Parameters — every value on testnet and mainnet
- Token economy — supply and distribution