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Staking

Orbinum is secured by Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS). Validators run nodes and bond ORB of their own; nominators back the validators they trust with theirs; once a day the chain elects the active validator set from that stake, and pays each era's rewards to the validators and nominators who earned them.

Block production and finality are unchanged: Aura authors a block every 6 seconds and GRANDPA finalizes them. NPoS decides who does it. See Consensus.

Live from runtime spec_version 21

NPoS replaced the permissioned validator set with runtime 21 (node v0.7.0). On the testnet the existing validators kept their seats until the first election.

Choose how to take part​

RoleWhat you doMinimum on testnetMinimum on mainnetGuide
ValidatorRun a node, bond your own ORB, produce blocks1,000 ORB self-bond and a server100,000 ORBBecome a validator
NominatorBond ORB and choose up to 16 validators to back10 ORB100 ORBNominate
Pool memberJoin a pool that nominates for you1 ORB1 ORBJoin a pool
Pool operatorCreate and run a pool for others100 ORB1,000 ORBRun a pool

An account takes one of these roles at a time: it validates, nominates, or stakes through a pool. To do two, use two accounts.

What you earn, and what you risk​

  • Rewards. Each era pays new issuance plus the transaction fees collected during it. Validators share it by the blocks they authored; each takes its commission and shares the rest with its nominators by stake. Payment is automatic. See Rewards.
  • Slashing. A validator that signs conflicting finality votes is slashed, and so are the nominators and pools backing it, in proportion to their stake. See Slashing.
  • Liquidity. Bonded ORB cannot be transferred. Unbonding takes 28 eras (about 28 days) before the funds can be withdrawn.

A day on the chain​

  1. Every session (1 hour) the validator set can change hands.
  2. Every era (24 sessions, 1 day) staking elects the next set, about two hours before the era ends, from the candidates and the nominations at that moment.
  3. The elected set takes over at the next era; rewards for the era that just closed are paid within half an era.

The details — the election, when a nomination starts to count, how the set takes over — are in How staking works.

Using the app​

Staking lives in the app under Staking: Validator, Nominator and Pools. Any Orbinum account can stake:

  • Substrate accounts from Talisman or SubWallet;
  • EVM accounts (MetaMask and other injected wallets), staking from their mapped Orbinum account;
  • Solana accounts.

EVM and Solana wallets cannot sign Substrate transactions directly, so the app asks them to sign a readable text of the action instead. The panel in the bottom-right corner shows the same text your wallet shows; reject the request if they differ.