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Consensus Mechanism

Orbinum implements Substrate's Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus mechanism, combining Aura for block production and GRANDPA for finality.

Overview​

Orbinum leverages Substrate's battle-tested NPoS consensus, which provides:

  • 6-second block time via Aura (Authority Round)
  • ~12-second finality via GRANDPA (GHOST-based Recursive Ancestor Deriving Prefix Agreement)
  • Byzantine fault tolerance with support for up to 1/3 malicious validators
  • Deterministic finality rather than probabilistic (unlike PoW chains)
Substrate Consensus

For detailed information about how Aura and GRANDPA work, see the Substrate documentation on consensus.

Orbinum-Specific Configuration​

Network Parameters​

ParameterValue
Block Time6 seconds
Finality Time~12 seconds
Authority Set SizeTBD (testnet: ~50, mainnet: 100-300)
Session DurationTBD
Unbonding PeriodExpected 7-28 days

Validator Economics​

The economic incentives for validators are built into the ORB tokenomics. This includes block rewards from the 30% allocated for staking and transaction fee sharing.

For full details on token allocation, rewards, and the reward model, see:

📖 Network Economy →

Slashing Conditions:

  • Double signing / Finality equivocation
  • Extended unresponsiveness
  • Invalid block production

For Validators​

For detailed information on running a validator node, including hardware requirements, setup, monitoring, and key management, see:

📖 Node Operations →

Learn More​