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Consensus Mechanism

Orbinum implements Substrate's Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS) consensus mechanism, combining Aura for block production and GRANDPA for finality.

Overview​

Orbinum leverages Substrate's battle-tested NPoS consensus, which provides:

  • 6-second block time via Aura (Authority Round)
  • ~12-second finality via GRANDPA (GHOST-based Recursive Ancestor Deriving Prefix Agreement)
  • Byzantine fault tolerance with support for up to 1/3 malicious validators
  • Deterministic finality rather than probabilistic (unlike PoW chains)
Substrate Consensus

For detailed information about how Aura and GRANDPA work, see the Substrate documentation on consensus.

Orbinum-Specific Configuration​

Network Parameters​

ParameterValue
Block Time6 seconds
Finality Time~12 seconds
Authority Set SizeTBD (testnet: ~50, mainnet: 100-300)
Session DurationTBD
Unbonding PeriodExpected 7-28 days

Validator Economics​

Under Development

Economic parameters including staking requirements, inflation rate, reward distribution, and slashing conditions are under active design. These will be finalized before testnet launch (Q2 2026) and mainnet launch (Q4 2026).

Planned Slashing Conditions:

  • Double signing / Finality equivocation
  • Extended unresponsiveness
  • Invalid block production

For Validators​

For detailed information on running a validator node, including hardware requirements, setup, monitoring, and key management, see:

📖 Node Operations →

Learn More​